3 novembre 2022
Legal and Regulatory Framework in
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All RAW must be identified and checked and the amount of RAW must be kept to a minimum. In the various stages of pre-RAW pre-elimination management, RAW must be characterized and classified according to the requirements set or approved by the regulatory authority. The safety case for RAW facilities and management activities is of great importance, and operators must provide a supporting safety case and safety assessment, which must also be reviewed and updated from time to time as circumstances change. The safety case shall include a description of how all aspects of site safety, facility design, operation, shutdown and decommissioning, and management controls comply with regulatory requirements. It must also demonstrate the required level of protection and provide assurance to the regulator that safety requirements are met. The supporting safety case and safety assessment shall be documented with a level of detail and quality sufficient to demonstrate safety, support the decision at each stage, and allow for independent review and approval. The documentation shall be clearly written and contain arguments justifying the approaches chosen in the safety case on the basis of comprehensible information. As an assessment methodology, the Global CCS Institute indicator uses a comparison between different models and contrasts national circumstances to determine the scope of a single structural legal and regulatory responsibility for the implementation of CCUS projects. While this chapter has focused on the United States, it is important to recognize that each country has a different regulatory and legal framework. Many countries follow similar concepts to the United States, but there are also important differences.
Digital health service developers are reminded to check with relevant regulatory bodies before developing and commercializing their digital health solutions. International differences between regulators can be subtle. All radioactive substances for which no other use is envisaged and whose properties make them unsuitable for the authorised release, use or release before official control must be treated as radioactive waste. The management of radioactive waste must be based on compliance with the characteristics of the waste and the requirements arising from the different stages of its management (pre-treatment, treatment, conditioning, transport, storage and disposal). Waste packaging must be designed and manufactured in such a way that radioactive material is adequately contained both in normal operation and under accidental conditions which may occur during the handling, storage, transport and disposal of the waste. The above requirements apply to new facilities, but some existing facilities have not been developed to such standards and, in such cases, their safety must be verified to verify compliance with the requirements. Safety-related upgrades shall be carried out by the operator in accordance with national guidelines and the requirements of the regulatory authority. The first requirements are addressed to governments and require the creation of appropriate national legal and regulatory frameworks within which RAW management activities can be planned and carried out safely. This includes a clear and unambiguous division of responsibilities, securing financial and other resources, and establishing autonomous regulatory functions. Consideration should also be given to granting protection beyond national borders to potentially affected neighbouring countries. Governments should also ensure that a national RAW management policy and strategy is in place and adapted to the type and quantities of RAW in the country. They must indicate the regulatory oversight required for specific RAW management facilities and activities and comply with all regional or international conventions and codes ratified by the country.
The national radioactive waste management policy and the strategy for its implementation must then form the basis for decision-making regarding the management of RAW in the country. As the legal framework for elections includes a wide range of international instruments, laws, regulations, regulations, procedures, decrees and national court decisions, IFES has developed a robust approach that can quickly and holistically identify gaps and inconsistencies in legal and regulatory frameworks and their implementation. Even the best electoral legal framework will be of little use in promoting democratic governance if it is not properly implemented and enforced. IFES`s tools and expertise provide legislators, governments, electoral management bodies and other stakeholders with options for clear and effective constitutional and legal reforms, as well as to improve the impartiality, transparency, accountability and integrity of elections – and the institutions that run them. In addition to the deep-rooted institutional barriers in agriculture to biofuel development, there is a broader context of the gap between regulatory frameworks and their implementation in reality that is so pervasive in India. There has been little effective institutional or policy support for an emerging biofuels market, other than proposing relatively ambitious targets: « Whatever policy exists, there is no mechanism to achieve it » (interview with Indian agriculture and energy policy expert, January 2015). As with the German energy transition, there is a feeling that transport is neglected compared to electricity production: « When we talk about increasing energy efficiency, we usually understand that everyone is talking about electricity. Transport is somewhat neglected » (Interview with civil society representative, January 2015). In the face of less persistent problems related to agriculture, ownership and land use, a structured and systematic effort in the field of solar energy, on the other hand, has transformed the sector. A national solar mission coordinated the development and implementation of policies for the solar sector. On the other hand, « the government has prepared a biomass mission, but it has not yet seen the light of day.
It is still in the discussion phase and has not yet been activated. Bioenergy is embedded in many organizations, each supporting niche activities, but lacking an integrated global effort » (Interview with advanced biofuels experts, January 2015). Thus, the entire architecture of institutional, financial and marketing support for innovations is absent. As shown in Tables 3.1 and 3.2, India`s biofuels industry has barely started despite its position as the world leader in the sugar ranking. The indicators of the legal and regulatory framework largely follow the results published in the annual report « Women, Economy and Law » and aim to collect information on women`s legal rights in a country. The indicators examine national laws regarding conditions inside and outside the home, including a woman`s ability to inherit and hold assets, access credit and sign contracts, and obtain legal protection against sexual harassment and other forms of discrimination. Taken together, the legal and regulatory indicators provide information on the value and visibility of women in a society in relation to men and on the progress made by women in terms of gender equality. This information may indicate where further legal and policy measures are needed.
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