9 octobre 2022

Congreso De La Republica Normas Legales

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Congress, as one of the three egalitarian branches of government, has important powers granted by the Constitution. All legislative power is in the hands of Congress, which means that it is the only part of the government that can enact new laws and amend existing laws. Executive agencies issue rules or regulations with the force of law, but these are subject to the authority of laws enacted by Congress. The president can veto a law passed by Congress, but Congress can also override the president`s veto by a two-thirds majority of the Senate and House of Representatives. Executive oversight is an important oversight of the president`s power by Congress and a counterweight to his discretion to implement laws and create rules or regulations. One of the main ways Congress conducts this oversight is through hearings. The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs are both dedicated to oversight and reform of government operations, and each committee exercises its oversight role in its policy area. Congress also exercises the unique power to declare war. Law regulating the procedure for the replacement of birth, marriage and death certificates destroyed or disappeared due to negligence, force majeure or criminal acts Law regulating the national account of identity documents (Cuenta-DNI) The Chamber is given several powers for exclusive use, including: the power to submit tax returns, initiate impeachment proceedings against federal officials and elect the President, if there are the same number of votes in the Electoral College. Law regulating the operation of casino games and slot machines After receiving a bill from Congress, the president has several options. If the president agrees with the document, he can sign it and make it law, and the legislation is then published in the Official Register of Laws of Congress (Statutes at Large). If the president thinks the bill is bad policy, he can veto it and send it back to Congress.

Congress can override the president`s veto by a two-thirds majority in each chamber, after which the bill becomes law and is published. Both houses of Congress have extensive investigative powers and can issue orders to provide evidence or testimony on any matter they deem necessary. Members of Congress spend a lot of time listening and investigating committees. Failure to cooperate with a congressional order may result in contempt of congressional charges, which may result in a prison sentence. The Vice President of the United States is President of the Senate and may be the decisive vote if there is an equal number of votes in the Senate. A bill must be passed by both houses of Congress before being considered by the president. Although the Constitution requires that both bills (which come from the House of Representatives and the Senate) be the same word for word, in practice this almost never happens. In order to coordinate the two projects, a joint committee (conference committee) is convened, composed of members of both chambers.

The members of the committee prepare a report on the joint session with the intention that it be the final version of the bill. The House of Representatives and the Senate again voted in favour of adopting the report of the Joint Committee. Depending on the origin of the bill, the Clerk of the House or Senate prepares the document with the final text and submits it to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Speaker of the Senate for signature. The bill is then sent to the President. The Senate has the exclusive power to confirm presidential appointments that require consent and to give advice and consent to the ratification of treaties. However, there are two exceptions to the rule: the Assembly must also approve the appointment of the Vice-Presidency and any treaty relating to external trade. Similarly, the Senate is conducting impeachment proceedings against federal officials as part of a proceeding initiated by the House of Representatives. Article I of the Constitution lists the powers of Congress and the specific areas in which it may legislate.

Congress also has the power to enact laws deemed « necessary and appropriate » for the exercise of the powers conferred on a part of the government under the Constitution. Once introduced, the bill is referred to the appropriate committee for consideration. There are 17 committees in the Senate with 70 subcommittees and 23 committees in the House of Representatives with 104 subcommittees. Committees are not immutable; If necessary, these can change their number and form at each new congress so that legislation can be examined effectively. Each committee is responsible for a specific policy area, and the subcommittees are responsible for more specific policy areas. For example, the House Ways and Means Committee includes, among others, the Subcommittees on Social Security and Commerce. The first step in the legislative process is to introduce a bill in Congress. Anyone can draft the bill, but only members of Congress can introduce it. Traditionally, some important bills are introduced at the request of the President, such as the annual federal budget.

However, during the legislative process, the original bill may undergo radical changes. When the bill is considered, the House of Representatives follows a fairly structured process to discuss it. Each Member who wishes to speak has only a few minutes, and the number and type of changes that can be made are usually limited. In the Senate, debate is unlimited for most bills — senators can discuss matters other than the bill before us during their speeches, and changes can be made. Senators can use it to obstruct bills before them, a tactic by which a senator obstructs the vote on a bill (obstruction) — and therefore its approval — by refusing to yield the floor. A super-majority (or qualified majority) of at least 60 senators can end the obstructionist tactic by invoking the number of closures (closing debate) on the bill and forcing the voting process. Once the debate is over, simple majority votes are enough to pass the law. Members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years and must be at least 25 years old, have been U.S. citizens for at least 7 years, and be residents of the state (but not necessarily the county) they represent. To pass a bill and send it to the president for signature, the House of Representatives and the Senate must pass the same bill by majority. If the president vetoes a bill, Congress can override its veto by passing the bill again with one vote for at least two-thirds of each legislative body. Part of the exercise of congressional legislative power is the creation of an annual budget for the government.

To this end, Congress imposes levies (taxes) and tariffs to ensure the funding of essential government services. If not enough money can be raised to fund the government, Congress can also authorize the borrowing of funds to cover the difference. Congress can also impose certain expenses: Legislature-led spending, commonly referred to as funding allocations, allocates funds to specific projects rather than government agencies. First and foremost, the bill is referred to a subcommittee, where it can be passed, amended or defeated in its entirety. If the members of the subcommittee decide that the project can be advanced, it is submitted to the entire committee, where the process is repeated. At this stage of the process, committees and subcommittees hold hearings to assess the merits and shortcomings of the bill. Members invite experts, supporters and opponents to appear and testify before the committee, and subpoenas may be issued if necessary. There are two other options that the chair can exercise. If Congress sits and the president does nothing within ten days, the bill becomes law. If the session of Congress ends before the ten-day deadline is met and the president has not taken action, the bill is dropped and Congress cannot vote to revive it.

This is called the « pocket veto, » and if Congress still wants to pass the legislation, it must restart the whole process from the beginning. The Senate reserves certain powers: it approves the ratification of treaties by a two-thirds majority (super majority) and confirms the appointments of the President by a majority. The approval of the House of Representatives is also required for the ratification of trade agreements and confirmation by the Vice President. The Senate consists of 100 senators, 2 senators for each state.

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